What the match did do, however, was signal the start of a societal shift that is gaining increasing speed and influence today. This wasn’t artificial (or real) intelligence that demonstrated our own creative style of thinking and learning, but the application of simple rules on a grand scale. Yet the reality was that Deep Blue’s victory was precisely because of its rigid, unhumanlike commitment to cold, hard logic in the face of Kasparov’s emotional behaviour. Listen to an audio version of this article on The Conversation’s In Depth Out Loud podcast. Meanwhile, to many of those in the outside world who were convinced by the computer’s performance, it appeared that artificial intelligence had reached a stage where it could outsmart humanity – at least at a game that had long been considered too complex for a machine. He and his supporters believed that Deep Blue’s playing was too human to be that of a machine. In an echo of the chess automaton hoaxes of the 18th and 19th centuries, Kasparov argued that the computer must actually have been controlled by a real grand master. When Deep Blue took the match by winning the final game, Kasparov refused to believe it. Kasparov had won the first game, lost the second and then drawn the following three. In defeating Kasparov on May 11 1997, Deep Blue made history as the first computer to beat a world champion in a six-game match under standard time controls. The victor was even more unusual: IBM supercomputer, Deep Blue. It’s not uncommon for a defeated player to accuse their opponent of cheating – but in this case the loser was the then world chess champion, Garry Kasparov. The loser reacted with a cry of foul play – one of the most strident accusations of cheating ever made in a tournament, which ignited an international conspiracy theory that is still questioned 20 years later. In just 11 more moves, white had built a position so strong that black had no option but to concede defeat. When black mixed up the moves for the Caro-Kann defence, white took advantage and created a new attack by sacrificing a knight. On the seventh move of the crucial deciding game, black made what some now consider to have been a critical error.
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